eBusiness Weekly
Dr Tapera
This article is an attempt to discuss stereotyping of Zimbabwe and its impact on the country’s re-engagement as a modern and progressive state. It also looks at stereotypes, though negative, as an asset to change perceptions and how stereotypes can be utilised for nation branding.
The advent of the new dispensation and the consistent pronouncements by His Excellency, the President of the Republic of Zimbabwe Emmerson Mnangagwa have brought a sense of optimism and hope to Zimbabweans both internally and in the diaspora.
The level of diplomatic engagement and visits by both western and eastern countries reflects a renewed interest in this once a Jewel of Africa. All is well now on the publicity front but the new look Zimbabwe still has an uphill task to convince the world that after 37 years of economic and political turmoil, it can really change to become a critical player on the global stage.
The consistent, positive and re-engaging message by the President at Davos and other international and regional platforms reflects a man who is serious and who seeks to improve the lot of all Zimbabweans who have seen various forms of crisis especially from 1999 to 2016.
These positive pronouncements and actions are confronted by a hostile international community that is deeply stereotyped against Zimbabwe that change of perception will take years to correct in order to reflect a new Zimbabwe full of life and progressive thinking. For nation building or is it re-branding, dealing with negative stereotypes and perception is the first step that will make Zimbabwe great again.
Stereotypes and
nation branding
Nation branding strategy is met with a variety of handicaps that have to be tackled to produce positive and meaningful results. For a nation as unique as Zimbabwe due to its socio-political and socio-economic challenges, nation branding strategists have to confront reality head on and be innovative to grapple with the complex nature of national politics.
The nation branding strategy should address the realities on the ground to be meaningful and transformative and to yield positive results. An academic, Wilder (2007) acknowledges the importance of one approach to nation branding. She argues that the demanding task nation branding imposes on itself is to identify the unique features of a nation and to display them in a comprehensive way, without being reductive
The task is more demanding because of the diversity of nations, which comprises numerous and different aspects of a nation such as history, culture, politics, business and more importantly people. This complex nature of nations calls for effective differentiation, which calls for each nation to identify intrinsically its unique characteristics, “core competences” and character.
Wilder points out a very important aspect that nation branding strategists should consider when planning to brand a place. She discusses the aspects of stereotyping some of which afflicted Zimbabwe in the last two decades.
Stereotypes are referred to as conclusions that people hold about other nations because they do not have enough information about them. Stereotypes can be described as outdated over simplifications and generalisations based on perceptions instead of facts.
People who endorse negative stereotypes are referred to as biased because they have negative conclusions that are not grounded in reality and truth or correct or adequate information.
Recent studies have shown people use stereotypes all the times without knowing it. Researchers using implicit Association have found out that many cognitive processes that affect behaviour such as stereotyping are unconscious in nature and are accessible to observation by the actor.
Scholars have found out that there is unconscious bias against stigmatised groups, for example African-Americans and Aborigines in Australia and even among people who think they are not biased. Bias is prevalent in evaluation decisions and in perceptions of and interaction with others.
Scholars argues that some people may denounce bias in different settings and workplaces but may still act in ways that reveal biased perceptions and decision making without conscious awareness of their actions. Zimbabwe as a nation has been a victim of negative perceptions or stereotype internationally based on two premise.
Firstly, the socio-political and socio-economic conditions in the country have been poisonous leading to a polarised society marked by alleged political violence, human rights abuses and corruption.
Secondly, the land reform meant to redistribute land to the black majority and address land imbalances in the country was widely publicised internationally creating a deep seated antagonism against the regime. This was despite the fact that land redistribution was inevitable given the historical conflicts that existed since 1893.
Stereotypes as an
asset to change perceptions
Therefore bias, or holding some stereotype is a reality but one that can be controlled and utilised to infuse positive thinking or perceptions in the target market and audience. Stereotyping or bias in general can be reduced. In their book Burges et al (2007) the academics propose ways of reducing unconscious stereotyping by highlighting the pervasiveness of stereotyping and actions or behaviours associated with it.
The thinking is that making people aware of the automatic nature of stereotype activation and its biased impact, the pervasiveness may activate a willingness to engage in measures to control unproductive thoughts that came out of stereotyping.
Nation branding strategists could adopt this approach to target markets by making them aware and educate them on the nature of their stereotyping and provide adequate, well researched and appropriate information to reduce biases.
Zimbabwe could concentrate on the Zimbabwean Land Question by providing its history objectively but also tackle aspects of the violent nature associated with the land question honestly and truthfully as a strategy to minimise stereotyping in the Western world.
Utilisation of stereotypes
for nation branding
Stereotypes are about distorted ideas and can be difficult to change. Stereotypes seem to be the enemy and the best friend of nation branders. This is because in practice stereotypes can be utilised as the starting point from which a nation brand and can be developed.
The negative perception of Zimbabwe as a destination and wide negative media attention of the country can be utilised as an effective starting point for nation branding strategy because information already exists in the public domain from which a national brand can be created.
Stereotypes can be like a bridge to people’s minds over which new information can be transmitted. The argument is that as a Swedish brand manager, was actually satisfied that people held at least some stereotypes about Sweden and that even if the stereotypes were negative and wrong at least there was something to build upon.
The fact that Zimbabwe is stereotyped in the Western world particularly from this perspective should be taken as a good starting point to build a strong and appealing nation brand.
The use of stereotypes is inevitable for societies to make sense of themselves. What it calls for is that branders are supposed to endeavour to ensure that a country’s image and reputation is a fair , balanced and a useful reflection of its real assets, competences and offerings not outdated, unjustified and biased perceptions informed by long past events or unfounded and ignorant assumptions.
Nation branding strategy for Zimbabwe needs to seriously consider the above arguments because if national stereotypes are widely accepted, rigid and integrated in societal practices, the risk is that the strategist can get blinded by stereotypes themselves and fail to take that as an opportunity from which to build upon.
The fact that Zimbabwe is etched in the minds of the international community as a hostile country, violent and politically in turmoil- stereotypes themselves considering the actual situation on the ground, government should utilise them as platforms from which the image of Zimbabwe is transformed.
The negative international media coverage, the quick recall of Zimbabwe in the minds of consumers and negative perceptions can be exploited by marketers to correct this position through the provision of accurate, credible comprehensive and evidence based information to targeted audiences.
In addition properly packaged information crafted after careful diagnosis of the existing challenges, utilising appropriate media channels and platforms will transform the mindset of prospective tourists, investors and development partners.
Importance of situational diagnosis in nation branding
Most governments and their people always believe that there is a problem with their international image but invests little effort in the diagnosis and analysis of the image problem.
Government and concerned nation branding strategists are preoccupied with the notion of a country having a negative reputation and are prompt to crafting solutions before properly dissecting and understanding the problem.
In Zimbabwe, the ZTA came up with events such as Miss Zimbabwe beauty pageants’, the Harare International Carnival and Brand ambassadors as strategies to address image problems without a careful, all stakeholder driven and participatively driven approach to analysing the problem.
It is a fundamental premise of any strategic intent to be highly focused and specific about the nature of the problem to be addressed so that the right strategy can be developed for confronting it. It is argued that it is of paramount importance to be concretely sure that there is a problem not simply a perception or a stereotype about the nation.
Anholt (2005) gives an example of Britain whose domestic media and commentators from a diversity of political persuasions are convinced that Britain’s international image is negative and in tatters due to foot and mouth disease, mad cow disease, the invasion of Iraq and high cost of living.
However, Anholt’s nation brand index which surveys 25 000 people in 35 countries reflect that Britain is actually regarded highly internationally.
Avraham (2015) focusing on the Middle East in terms of conflicts, terror attacks and war argues for the uncovering of strategies used by Middle Eastern marketers to restore a positive image to bring back tourism in the past decade.
Avraham and Ketter (2008) stress the need for image restoration strategies by marketers in general and those dealing with the nation branding specifically (Staner 2007).
There is real need to understand the source of the problem before embarking on image restoration strategies.
Dr Musekiwa Clinton Tapera writing in his personal capacity. He holds a PhD in Management, specialising in Destination Branding of Zimbabwe for tourism performance. He is the director of Marketing and Public Relations at Chinhoyi University of Technology. For feedback and comments-email. [email protected] or Dr M. C [email protected]
